A real-time operating system (RTOS) is an operating system (OS) intended to serve real-time application process data as it comes in, typically without buffering delays. Processing time requirements (including any OS delay) are measured in tenths of seconds or shorter.
A key characteristic of an RTOS is the level of its consistency concerning the amount of time it takes to accept and complete an application'stask; the variability is jitter. A hard real-time operating system has less jitter than a soft real-time operating system. The chief design goal is not high throughput, but rather a guarantee of a soft or hard performance category. An RTOS that can usually or generally meet a deadline is a soft real-time OS, but if it can meet a deadline deterministically it is a hard real-time OS.[2]
An RTOS has an advanced algorithm for scheduling. Scheduler flexibility enables a wider, computer-system orchestration of process priorities, but a real-time OS is more frequently dedicated to a narrow set of applications. Key factors in a real-time OS are minimal interrupt latency and minimal thread switching latency; a real-time OS is valued more for how quickly or how predictably it can respond than for the amount of work it can perform in a given period of time
Algorithms
Some commonly used RTOS scheduling algorithms are:
- Cooperative scheduling
- Preemptive scheduling
- Rate-monotonic scheduling
- Round-robin scheduling
- Fixed priority pre-emptive scheduling, an implementation of preemptive time slicing
- Fixed-Priority Scheduling with Deferred Preemption
- Fixed-Priority Non-preemptive Scheduling
- Critical section preemptive scheduling
- Static time scheduling
- Earliest Deadline First approach
- Stochastic digraphs with multi-threaded graph traversal
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